Acts

• 87.3 (1) This section applies to applications for visas or other documents made under subsections 11(1) and (1.01), other than those made by persons referred to in subsection 99(2), to sponsorship applications made under subsection 13(1), to applications for permanent resident status under subsection 21(1) or temporary resident status under subsection 22(1) made by foreign nationals in Canada, to applications for work or study permits and to requests under subsection 25(1) made by foreign nationals outside Canada.
  这个说明本法适用(## Immigration and Refugee Protection Act)

• • 30 (1) A foreign national may not work or study in Canada unless authorized to do so under this Act.
    30（1）外国国民不得在加拿大工作或学习，除非根据本法获得授权。
    Marginal note:Authorization 授权
    (1.1) An officer may, on application, authorize a foreign national to work or study in Canada if the foreign national meets the conditions set out in the regulations.
    (1.1)如果外国国民符合条例规定的条件，官员可根据申请批准该外国国民在加拿大工作或学习。
  • (1.2) Despite subsection (1.1), the officer shall refuse to authorize the foreign national to work in Canada if, in the officer’s opinion, public policy considerations that are specified in the instructions given by the Minister justify such a refusal.
    (1.2)尽管有第（1.1）款的规定，如果官员认为部长在指示中具体说明的公共政策考虑是拒绝批准外国国民在加拿大工作的理由，则该官员应拒绝批准该外国国民在加拿大工作。

• Marginal note:Concurrence of second officer
  二副同意

  (1.3) In applying subsection (1.2), any refusal to give authorization to work in Canada requires the concurrence of a second officer.
  (1.3)在适用第（1.2）款时，任何拒绝给予在加拿大工作的行为都需要得到一名二副的同意。

拒绝行为限制

• 默认拒绝的规定：
  [24] Mandamus is a discretionary, equitable remedy. The parties agree on the legal test for mandamus, as set out in Apotex Inc. v. Canada (Attorney General), [1994] 1 F.C. 742 (C.a.), at pages 766–769, affd [1994] 3 S.C.R. 1100, which has been applied in the immigration context (see for example Conille v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), [1999] 2 F.C. 33 (T.d.); Vaziri v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2006 FC 1159, 52 admin. L.R. (4th) 118): 1. There must be a public legal duty to act … 2. The duty must be owed to the applicant … 3. There is a clear right to performance of that duty, in particular: (a) the applicant has satisfied all conditions precedent giving rise to the duty; … (b) there was (i) a prior demand for performance of the duty; (ii) a reasonable time to comply with the demand unless refused outright; and (iii) a subsequent refusal which can be either expressed or implied, e.g. unreasonable delay; … 4. Where the duty sought to be enforced is discretionary, the following rules apply: (a) in exercising a discretion, the decision-maker must not act in a manner which can be characterized as “unfair”, “oppressive” or demonstrate “flagrant impropriety” or “bad faith”; (b) mandamus is unavailable if the decision-maker’s discretion is characterized as being “unqualified”, “absolute”, “permissive” or “unfettered”; (c) in the exercise of a “fettered” discretion, the decisionmaker must act upon “relevant”, as opposed to “irrelevant”, considerations; (d) mandamus is unavailable to compel the exercise of a “fettered discretion” in a particular way; and (e) mandamus is only available when the decision-maker’s discretion is “spent”; i.e., the applicant has a vested right to the performance of the duty. … 5. no other adequate remedy is available to the applicant… 6. The order sought will be of some practical value or effect… 7. The Court in the exercise of its discretion finds no equitable bar to the relief sought… 8. On a “balance of convenience” an order in the nature of mandamus should (or should not) issue. [Citations omitted; emphasis in original.]

• Mandamus（命令令状）

Mandamus是一种自由裁量的、公平的救济方式。双方都同意Mandamus的法律测试，即：

1. 必须有一项公共法律义务去行动。
2. 义务必须是欠给申请人的。
3. 必须有明确的权利来执行该义务，特别是：
   • (a) 申请人已经满足了产生义务的所有先决条件；
   • (b) 必须有：
     • (i) 对义务的履行提出先前的要求；
     • (ii) 除非直接拒绝，否则有合理的时间来遵守要求；
     • (iii) 可以是明示或暗示的后续拒绝，例如不合理的延迟。
4. 如果要执行的义务是自由裁量的，那么应用以下规则：
   • (a) 在行使自由裁量权时，决策者不能以可以被描述为“不公平”、“压迫性”的方式行事，也不能表现出“明显的不当行为”或“恶意”；
   • (b) 如果决策者的自由裁量权被描述为“无条件的”、“绝对的”、“允许的”或“无限制的”，则mandamus不可用；
   • (c) 在行使“有限制的”自由裁量权时，决策者必须基于“相关的”而非“无关的”考虑因素行事；
   • (d) mandamus不能用来强制以特定方式行使“有限制的”自由裁量权；
   • (e) 只有当决策者的自由裁量权已“用尽”时，mandamus才可用；即，申请人有权利执行该义务。
5. 对申请人来说，没有其他充分的救济方法。
6. 所寻求的命令将具有一些实际的价值或效果。
7. 法院在行使其自由裁量权时，没有找到阻止寻求救济的公平障碍。
8. 在“方便的平衡”上，应该（或不应该）发布类似于mandamus的命令。

• 部长的职权：Judith Snider法官在上述案例Vaziri中的决定确认了部长确实拥有这一一般行政职权。