会计准则笔记
目录
Standard-setting bodies
- International Accounting Standards Board (IASB)
- Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) (美国)
Regulatory authorities
- Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) (美国)
- The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) (美国)
- The Financial Services Authority (FSA) (英国)
- International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) (国际)
目的
- 保护投资者
- 维护市场秩序和高效透明
- 减少系统性风险
SEC filings
- Form S-1: IPO (Initial Public Offering) (首次公开募股)
- Form 10-K: Annual Report (年度报告)
- Form 10-Q: Quarterly Report (季度报告)
- Form DEF 14A: Proxy Statement (委托书)
- Form 8-K: Current Report (重大事项报告)
- Form 144: Notice of Proposed Sale of Securities (证券出售通知)
- Form 3, 4, 5: 利益方持股说明书 (Beneficial Ownership Statement)
Convergence of global accounting standards
International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) (国际)
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) (美国)
障碍:
- 规则制定主体意见不同
- 政治压力
Framework (IFRS)
Characteristics
- 基础性质特征
- 相关性
- 真实性
- Enhancing qualitative characteristics (增强性质特征)
- 可比性
- 其他同业
- 过去
- 可验证性
- 及时性
- 可理解性
- 可比性
元素
- 资产
- 负债
- 收入
- 费用
- 现金流
- 所有者权益
约束
- 成本收益性
- 无法量化的事项不计入财务报表
Underlying assumptions (假设)
- Accrual basis (权责发生制)
- 权责发生制:不需要现金流,只要有权利和责任就可以记账 (BS, IS)
- 现金基础:只有现金流才能记账 (CF)
- Going concern (持续经营)
- 如果公司不是持续经营,那么会计准则就不适用了
Example
赊销:
- BS: A+, E+
- IS: R+
Measurement of financial statements (财务报表计量)
会计计量基准 (Measurement basis):
- Historical cost (历史成本)
- Amortized cost (摊销成本)
- Current cost (当前成本)
- Realizable value (可变现价值)
- Present value (现值)
- Fair value (公允价值)
Requirements
…
Structure and content (结构和内容)
- Classified balance sheet (分类资产负债表)
- 比如:流动资产、非流动资产
- Minimum specified information on face (最低限度的信息)
- Minimum specified note disclosures (最低限度的附注披露)
- Comparative information (比较信息)
- Classified balance sheet (分类资产负债表)
Consistency (一致性)
- 同一会计期间内,会计政策一致
Materiality
- Materiality meaning the financial statements are free from material misstatements or omissions that would affect the decisions of a reasonable user of the financial statements (财务报表中没有会影响合理用户决策的重大错误或遗漏)
Comparability (可比性)
- 去年同期
Aggregation (合并)
- 合并similar items
No offsetting (不抵消)
- 不抵消资产负债
- 不抵消收入费用
Frequency of reporting (报告频率)
- 年度报告